Enhanced antioxidant activity under biomimetic settings of ascorbic acid included in halloysite nanotubes

Antioxidant activity of native vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AH(2)) is hampered by instability in solution. Selective loading of AH(2) into the inner lumen of natural halloysite nanotubes (HNT) yields a composite nanoantioxidant (HNT/AH(2)), which was characterized and investigated for its reactivity with the persistent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) radical and with transient peroxyl radicals in the inhibited autoxidation of organic substrates, both in organic solution (acetonitrile) and in buffered (pH 7.4) water in comparison with native AH(2). HNT/AH(2) showed excellent antioxidant performance being more effective than native ascorbic acid by 131% in acetonitrile and 290% (three-fold) in aqueous solution, under identical settings. Reaction with peroxyl radicals has a rate constant of 1.4 x 10(6) M-1 s(-1) and 5.1 x 10(4) M-1 s(-1), respectively, in buffered water (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile, at 30 degrees C. Results offer physical understanding of the factors governing HNT/AH(2) reactivity. Improved performance of HNT/AH(2) is unprecedented among forms of stabilized ascorbic acid and its relevance is discussed on kinetic grounds.