Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and short sleep duration before infection predict long-term symptoms after COVID-19

Background: Millions of COVID-19 survivors experience a wide range of long-term symptoms after acute infec-tion, giving rise to serious public health concerns. To date, few risk factors for post-COVID-19 conditions have been determined. This study evaluated the role of pre-infection sleep quality/duration and insomnia severity in the incidence of long-term symptoms after COVID-19.Material and methods: This prospective study involved two assessments (April 2020 and 2022). At the baseline (April 2020), sleep quality/duration and insomnia symptoms in participants without current/prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At the follow-up (April 2022), we asked a group of COVID-19 survivors to retrospectively evaluate the presence of twenty-one symptoms (psychiatric, neurological, cognitive, bodily, and respiratory) that have been experi-enced one month (n = 713, infection in April 2020-February 2022) and three months after COVID-19 (n = 333, infection in April 2020-December 2021). In April 2022, participants also reported how many weeks passed to fully recover from COVID-19. Zero-inflated negative binomial models were used to estimate the effect of previous sleep on the number of long-term symptoms. Binomial logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the as-sociation between sleep variables, the incidence of each post-COVID-19 symptom, and the odds of recovery four/ twelve weeks after infection.Results: Analyses highlighted a significant effect of pre-infection sleep on the number of symptoms one/three months after COVID-19. Previous higher PSQI and ISI scores, and shorter sleep duration significantly increased the risk of almost every long-term symptom at one/three months from COVID-19. Baseline sleep problems were also associated with longer recovery times to return to the pre-infection daily functioning level after COVID-19.Conclusions: This study suggested a prospective dose-dependent association of pre-infection sleep quality/ quantity and insomnia severity with the manifestation of post-COVID-19 symptoms. Further research is war-ranted to determine whether preventively promoting sleep health may mitigate the COVID-19 sequelae, with substantial public health and societal implications.