A bone remodeling approach encoding the effect of damage and a diffusive bio-mechanical stimulus

The paper focuses on the effect of damage on the bone remodeling process. This is a crucial, although complex, aspect. A one-dimensional continuous deformable body is employed to model living bone tissue. The model incorporates the bone functional adaptation through an evolution law for an effective elastic modulus driven by mechanical feedback via a mechano-transduction diffusive signal. This type of information transduction, i.e., diffusion, is essential for the model to take into account remodeling in the case of minor injury or pathology-affected regions where there is no signal production. In addition, the model is able to also take into account potential tissue damage that may evolve over time according to a suitable evolution law. To illustrate the capability of the model to describe the mentioned complex coupled phenomena, numerical tests have been performed encompassing high external loads causing the onset of damage and cyclic loading for healing. The numerical simulations carried out via finite-element analyses yield insights into the mechanisms of bone remodeling, with the final goal of aiding clinical decisions and implant designs for bone health and repair. Overall, a key aspect of the paper is to highlight the feasibility of modeling the evolution in bone elasticity arising from the combined effect of damage and remodeling.