Le pastoralisme dans le Boboye et le Zarmaganda (Ouest du Niger): une activité menacée ? L’élevage, première activité économique des Peuls, est devenu la seconde chez les Zarma, désormais tous agro-pasteurs, aussi bien dans le Boboye que dans le Zarmaganda. L’environnement pastoral dans l’ouest du Niger (Boboye et Zarmaganda) est marqué par des pâturages naturels sur des espaces éclogiques assez différenciés. La transhumance, pratique d’alimentation importante chez les peuls, met en valeur la complémentarité écologique de ces espaces. Les espèces elévées, issues de modes d’acquisitions divers, sont de plus en plus dominées par les petits ruminants, rustiques et bien adaptés au contexte de réduction des ressources fourragères. Le système de production pastoral demeure peu performant au vue de l’énergie et du temps consacrés à l’activité. L’exploitation se fait de manière traditionnelle, et les produits sont peu valorisés économiquement. Par ailleurs, le pastoralisme doit toujours céder davantage d’espace aux cultures dont l’extensification tend à augmenter. Les conséquences sont une surexploitation des aires de pâturages disponibles, qui se dégradent et ne suffisent plus à nourrir les bêtes. Des nouvelles tendances se dégagent qui renforcent la substitution des petits ruminants aux bovins. Il se développe également la pratique de la culture attelée témoignant de l’exploitation nouvelle de l’énergie animale. Les circuits de transhumance sont affectés par une réduction des espaces et des nouvelles mobilités se dessinent notamment en direction du sud.
Pastoralism in the Boboye and the Zarmaganda (west of Niger): an activity threatened by extinction Stock breeding, first economic activity of the Peul became the second of the Zarma, all now farmer shephereds in the Boboye and the zarmaganda as well. The pastoral environment in the west of Niger (Boboye and Zarmaganda) is distinctive of natural grazing ground on sufficient varied ecologic areas. The transhumance important feeding practice with the Peul shows the ecological complementary of these areas. The bred species from different acquisition methods are more and more dominated by small rustic ruminants well adapted to the reducing context of fodder resources. The pastoral production systems remains less performant compared to the energy and the time devoted to the activity. The exploitation is done in a traditional manner and the products are economically little valued. Besides, pastoralism must always give up more areas to cultures which extension is growing.The consequences are an over exploitation of the available grazing areas which are degrading and are no longer enough to feed the livestock. New tendencies reinforcing the substitution of the small ruminants to bovines is emerging. Yoke farming is also being developed giving evidence of the new exploitation of animal energy. The ways of transhumance are affected by the reduction of the areas and new mobilities are taking shape notably southwards.
LE PASTORALISME DANS LE BOBOYE ET LE ZARMAGANDA (OUEST DU NIGER) : UNE ACTIVITE MENACEE ?
CALANDRA, LINA MARIA
2005-01-01
Abstract
Pastoralism in the Boboye and the Zarmaganda (west of Niger): an activity threatened by extinction Stock breeding, first economic activity of the Peul became the second of the Zarma, all now farmer shephereds in the Boboye and the zarmaganda as well. The pastoral environment in the west of Niger (Boboye and Zarmaganda) is distinctive of natural grazing ground on sufficient varied ecologic areas. The transhumance important feeding practice with the Peul shows the ecological complementary of these areas. The bred species from different acquisition methods are more and more dominated by small rustic ruminants well adapted to the reducing context of fodder resources. The pastoral production systems remains less performant compared to the energy and the time devoted to the activity. The exploitation is done in a traditional manner and the products are economically little valued. Besides, pastoralism must always give up more areas to cultures which extension is growing.The consequences are an over exploitation of the available grazing areas which are degrading and are no longer enough to feed the livestock. New tendencies reinforcing the substitution of the small ruminants to bovines is emerging. Yoke farming is also being developed giving evidence of the new exploitation of animal energy. The ways of transhumance are affected by the reduction of the areas and new mobilities are taking shape notably southwards.Pubblicazioni consigliate
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