A Potential Link between Space Weather and Atmospheric Parameters Variations: A Case Study of November 2021 Geomagnetic Storm

On 4 November 2021, during the rising phase of solar cycle 25, an intense geomagnetic storm (Kp = 8-) occurred. The effects of this storm on the outer magnetospheric region up to the ionospheric heights have already been examined in previous investigations. This work is focused on the analysis of the solar wind conditions before and during the geomagnetic storm, the high-latitude electrodynamics conditions, estimated through empirical models, and the response of the atmosphere in both hemispheres, based on parameters from the ECMWF ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis dataset. Our investigations are also supported by counter-test analysis and Monte Carlo tests. We find, for both hemispheres, a significant correspondence, within 1-2 days, between high-latitude electrodynamics variations and changes in the temperature, specific humidity, and meridional and zonal winds, in both the troposphere and stratosphere. The results indicate that, in the complex solar wind-atmosphere relationship, a significant role might be played by the intensification of the polar cap potential. We also study the reciprocal relation between the ionospheric Joule heating, calculated from a model, and two adiabatic invariants used in the analysis of solar wind turbulence.