Morphological and Genetic Characterization of Lignicolous Macrofungi in Extreme Environments of Abruzzo

The Abruzzo region is characterized by its diverse ecological landscapes and hosts a remarkable assemblage of lignicolous macrofungi (polypores). This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characterization of selected polypores collected from two distinct and extreme environments (within the project PRIN Prot. P20228KSTN): Fonte Gelata and Monte Sirente, areas recognized for their harsh environmental conditions, including low temperatures, high altitudes, landslide and nutrient-poor substrates. The survey identified several fungal species, including Trametes hirsuta, Phellinus lundellii, Fomitopsis pinicola, and Fomes fomentarius. Morphological analyses emphasized macro- and microscopic features, such as basidiocarp texture, pore size, and spore morphology, while genetic characterization employed ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequencing to confirm species identification and analyze phylogenetic relationships. This combined approach provided insights into their ecological roles and adaptive strategies. The results highlighted the high biodiversity of polypores in these regions, with species like Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomes fomentarius exhibiting strong adaptations to lignin degradation in extreme climatic conditions. Genetic analysis revealed population-level divergences, suggesting local adaptations to substrate and environmental stressors. Additionally, Phellinus lundellii and Trametes hirsuta demonstrated habitat specificity, contributing to the ecological stability of these forest ecosystems. These findings underscore the importance of preserving fungal biodiversity in Abruzzo’s extreme environments as a critical component of ecosystem resilience and nutrient cycling. Conservation strategies, including habitat protection and in situ monitoring and changes in forest management, are essential to safeguard these fungi as bioindicators and reservoirs of genetic and functional diversity that can be exploited for human well-being. In fact, these species are know to produce a vast repertory of bioactive metabolites that are under study in the current project.