Walk tourism (with its problems) includes a large number of cases ranging from the most famous pilgrimages (often gone on for reasons that are unrelated to religion) to different ways to frequent the natural environment and in particular the mountains, that can be considered as ‘natural monuments’ also affected by consumption dynamics. Mountain landscape is the combination of environmental patrimony and (more or less) anthropized territory; a particular reflection must be done where the latter one presents such labile traces of anthropization (hiking trails, huts) which are, however, significant for historical and cultural reasons related to mountaineering history, to the evolution of geographic knowledge, but also to the XXth century war events that occurred on the borders between the European nations. In the last century the practice of mountain tourism grew increasingly, taking with it a landscape distorsion due to the development of winter sports and the socio-economic change of many alpine areas, that have been subjected to a withdrawal from rural activities (with the consequent degradation of the territory and its characteristic buildings) and to a building development often uncontrolled. The aspects we intend to reflect on are the following: Mountain tourism begins with the history of mountaineering and it is stimulated by the interest in knowing the mountains (see also Viollet le Duc and the Mont Blanc) and the desire to conquer inaccessible places; however, it has recently become a mass phenomenon only linked to sporting challenges that ignore the environment (as the extreme case of tourism on the Everest which damages the mountain by its intensive frequentation of access roads, trails and base camps); The maintenance of tracks and huts involves some adaptations to safety regulations that often conflict with the authenticity of historic artifacts. As an example, we may consider the various enlargements of alpine huts, which are rarely evidence of a serious awareness of architectural and environmental values (and which have recently become an opportunity for “archistars” to exhibit themselves). There is also the need to preserve important material traces, such as trenches and war shelters, historical mountain passes, ancient climbing ways, etc.); The accessibility to high altitude areas is increasingly favoured by cableways, funiculars and railways (see the Jungfrau railway in Switzerland) and this fact often involves a frequent and inadequate visiting of the mountain environment. Furthermore, tracks are often used also by vehicles (off-road motorcycles, mountain bikes) which accelerate the consumption. All this considered, the conservation discipline can contribute to the sustainable preservation of mountain environment with its material historical evidence, as well as to a conscious exploitation of the “Terre Alte” (High Lands) which prevents a possible transformation of natural territory in an object for consumption.
Il turismo dei ‘cammini’, con i problemi ad esso connessi, comprende un’ampia casistica che va dai pellegrinaggi più celebri (compiuti spesso per motivazioni estranee alla fede religiosa) fino alle diverse modalità di frequentare l’ambiente naturale e in particolare le montagne, che possono essere considerate di per sé come ‘monumenti naturali’ anch’essi aggrediti da dinamiche consumistiche. Il paesaggio montano è costituito dall’insieme tra patrimonio ambientale e territorio (più o meno) antropizzato; una particolare considerazione deve essere sviluppata dove quest’ultimo presenta labili tracce di antropizzazione (sentieri, rifugi) che tuttavia sono portatrici di importanti significati storico-culturali legati alla storia dell’alpinismo, all’evoluzione delle conoscenze geografiche ma anche agli eventi bellici del XX secolo avvenuti sui confini tra le nazioni europee. La frequentazione del territorio montano nell’ultimo secolo si è sviluppata sempre più, comportando uno stravolgimento del paesaggio dovuto allo sviluppo degli sport invernali e al cambiamento socio-economico di molti centri abitati montani, che hanno subìto l’abbandono delle attività rurali (con il conseguente degrado del territorio e delle costruzioni che lo caratterizzavano) e uno sviluppo edilizio spesso incontrollato. Le riflessioni che sviluppate riguardano i seguenti aspetti: il turismo montano ha origine con la storia dell’alpinismo, stimolato dall’interesse per la conoscenza delle montagne (vedi anche Viollet le Duc e il Monte Bianco) e dal desiderio di conquista di luoghi inaccessibili, ma di recente appare divenuto un fenomeno di massa legato esclusivamente alla sfida sportiva che sembra prescindere dall’attenzione per l’ambiente montano (si pensi al caso limite del turismo sul Monte Everest e ai danni dovuti all’intensa frequentazione delle vie di accesso, dei sentieri e nei campi base); la manutenzione dei sentieri e dei rifugi comporta adeguamenti a normative di sicurezza che confliggono con l’autenticità dei manufatti storici; si pensi ai diversi ampliamenti dei rifugi alpini, che solo raramente testimoniano una consapevolezza dei valori architettonici e ambientali (e, di recente, sembrano divenute occasioni per esibire costruzioni da ‘archistar’), ma anche alla necessità di conservare le tracce materiali delle frequentazioni degne di essere salvaguardate (trincee e ripari di guerra, percorsi storici di attraversamento e valico, prime vie di celebri arrampicate etc.); l’accessibilità agli ambienti di alta quota viene sempre più favorita da impianti di risalita, funicolari e ferrovie (vedi il caso della ferrovia della Jungfrau in Svizzera) ma questo comporta una frequentazione spesso estranea ed inadeguata all’ambiente montano e ai suoi valori; allo stesso tempo, i sentieri vengono spesso utilizzati anche da mezzi di locomozione (moto fuoristrada, mountain bike) che comportano un’usura accelerata degli stessi. Tali considerazioni evidenziano il contributo che la disciplina del restauro può fornire alla ‘sustainable preservation’ dell’ambiente montano e delle testimonianze materiali legate alla sua frequentazione, come pure ad una valorizzazione consapevole delle “Terre Alte” che escluda la trasformazione del territorio naturale in oggetto di consumo.
Walking through the Cultural Landscape: from the pilgrimages to the conquest of the “Cathedrals of the Earth”
Bartolomucci
2019-01-01
Abstract
Walk tourism (with its problems) includes a large number of cases ranging from the most famous pilgrimages (often gone on for reasons that are unrelated to religion) to different ways to frequent the natural environment and in particular the mountains, that can be considered as ‘natural monuments’ also affected by consumption dynamics. Mountain landscape is the combination of environmental patrimony and (more or less) anthropized territory; a particular reflection must be done where the latter one presents such labile traces of anthropization (hiking trails, huts) which are, however, significant for historical and cultural reasons related to mountaineering history, to the evolution of geographic knowledge, but also to the XXth century war events that occurred on the borders between the European nations. In the last century the practice of mountain tourism grew increasingly, taking with it a landscape distorsion due to the development of winter sports and the socio-economic change of many alpine areas, that have been subjected to a withdrawal from rural activities (with the consequent degradation of the territory and its characteristic buildings) and to a building development often uncontrolled. The aspects we intend to reflect on are the following: Mountain tourism begins with the history of mountaineering and it is stimulated by the interest in knowing the mountains (see also Viollet le Duc and the Mont Blanc) and the desire to conquer inaccessible places; however, it has recently become a mass phenomenon only linked to sporting challenges that ignore the environment (as the extreme case of tourism on the Everest which damages the mountain by its intensive frequentation of access roads, trails and base camps); The maintenance of tracks and huts involves some adaptations to safety regulations that often conflict with the authenticity of historic artifacts. As an example, we may consider the various enlargements of alpine huts, which are rarely evidence of a serious awareness of architectural and environmental values (and which have recently become an opportunity for “archistars” to exhibit themselves). There is also the need to preserve important material traces, such as trenches and war shelters, historical mountain passes, ancient climbing ways, etc.); The accessibility to high altitude areas is increasingly favoured by cableways, funiculars and railways (see the Jungfrau railway in Switzerland) and this fact often involves a frequent and inadequate visiting of the mountain environment. Furthermore, tracks are often used also by vehicles (off-road motorcycles, mountain bikes) which accelerate the consumption. All this considered, the conservation discipline can contribute to the sustainable preservation of mountain environment with its material historical evidence, as well as to a conscious exploitation of the “Terre Alte” (High Lands) which prevents a possible transformation of natural territory in an object for consumption.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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