Extracellular Vesicles as Matrix Messengers

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, acellular framework that maintains homeostasis and supports the preservation of tissues’ structural integrity. From early embryonic stages forward, the ECM organizes itself through a variety of changes, including degradation, synthesis, and rearrangement of matrix elements. Although the mechanisms that underlie these changes are strictly controlled, the ECM can undergo structural and functional alterations that result in diseases or even promote the growth of tumors. Several elements mediate communication between the cells that make up the tissue and the matrix, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) playing a significant role. EVs are spherical particles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, secreted by all living organisms and present in all organs, tissues, and bio logical fluids, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. In this review, we will present a comprehensive understanding of the matrix’s structure and the roles in which it is engaged, as well as the implications of EVs. Several aspects of EVs–ECM interaction under healthy and pathological settings will be covered, with an emphasis on EVs’ function in matrix degradation.