Control-Oriented Modeling and Fuel Optimal Control of a Series Hybrid Bus

The paper describes the derivation of a real-time controller for the energy management of a series hybrid city bus. The controller is based on Optimal Control theory and on a control-oriented model of the propulsion system. The model is of the quasistationary, backward type, and it is derived from tabulated data of the single components provided by the manufacturers and basic, first-principle equations. The fuel consumption obtained with the optimal controller is compared with that yielded by a conventional controller tracking the battery state-of-charge