The role of GA3 in the germination process of high-mountain endemic and threatened species: Leontopodium nivale, Pinguicula fior ii and Soldanella minima subsp. samnitica (central Apennines, Italy)

The ex situ conservation of biodiversity is an essential tool for environmental protection interventions. Germination studies of seeds that belong to endangered species are essential for ex situ conservation strategies. In this study, we investigate the germination responses of three high-altitude endemic and vulnerable species (Leontopodium nivale, Pinguicula fiorii and Soldanella minima subsp. samnitica). Specifically we identified potential dormancy mechanisms by investigating the responses of germination percentage and rate to different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3), by performing a general linear model. L. nivale reached a germination percentage of 98.0 ^ 2.0% (mean ^ SE) under control conditions (208C; 12/12 photoperiod; no GA3 addition). P. fiorii showed the highest germination percentage (78.0 ^ 2.0%) in the treatment with GA3 500 ppm. S. minima subsp. samnitica did not show sensitivity to GA3 but responded positively to cold stratification (6 month at 58C) with a germination percentage of 90 ^ 6%. This study made it possible to acquire important information on the germination process of threatened and rare endemic taxa.